In this paper,the unified definition of divergence,cur1 and gradient independent of the coordinate system is given by the extended divergence theorem. Stressed on using a common model which is a volume element enclosed by the three pairs of coordinate surfaces,a11 the divergence,curl and gradient are denoted uniformly in the form of the limiting value of a differential quantity. So the known expressions of these three quantities in tensor analysis can be derived directly.
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徐黎平.散度、旋度和梯度在共同模式上的统一定义及其在一般坐标系中的应用. Unified Definition of Divergence,Curl and Gradient Based on a Common Model and It's Application in a General Coordinate System[J].国防科技大学学报,1990,12(3):79-85.