In order to enhance the safety of liquid rocket engine (LRE) turbopump and minimize the damage of its faults, a health monitoring system of turbopump (TP-HMS) is designed for a large LRE. After the realization of the subsystems for signal acquisition, real-time fault detection, post test data analysis and real-time database support, the function and the flow of execution are investigated and analyzed. Then, the multi-feature adaptive threshold compositive decision-making algorithm (MATA) is validated with the historical data from LRE test as well as real-time data from rotor test platform. To obtain the information of fault signals, the adaptive spectrogram is applied in the data analysis. It is shown that MATA can detect the faults in real time and give no false alarm in this case. Through the application of adaptive spectrogram, the cross-term interference is suppressed. The time frequency information is obtained accurately. Therefore, the conclusion is drawn that the TP-HMS design is suitable for the health monitoring of LRE turbopump.