In order to explore the survival probability of multi-axle special vehicle tire system under battlefield threat and quantitatively characterize the anti-damage capability of tire system, a new method based on isodamage curves was proposed to characterize the battlefield anti-damage capability of the tire system. Aiming at the influence of tire damage on the whole vehicle, the mechanical characteristics of tire system were quantitatively characterized based on vehicle dynamics, and the calculation model of tire system functional damage was established. Based on the damage theory, the collision and quantitative analysis of shock wave overpressure field were carried out, and the calculation model of tire system physical damage was established. According to the position relationship between the burst core and the vehicle, the calculation model of the tire system isometric line was established by using the characteristic line for the vehicle in the whole area. A five-axle special vehicle was taken as an example to verify the characterization method. Results show that this characterization method can be applied to the characterization of the anti-damage capability of the multi-axle special vehicle tire system under battlefield threat, which lays a model foundation for the improvement of maneuvering avoidance and protection ability in the future.