Aiming at the adaptive optimization problem of command and control (C2) organization decision-layer structure, the mission adaptability measure of decision-layer structure was defined, uncertainty factors that affect C2 organization decision-layer structure were analyzed and the decision-layer structure adaptive optimization model was constructed. In order to reduce the solution uncertainty of the adaptive optimization problem and the change cost of decision-layer structure, a dynamic adaptive optimization approach based on the rolling horizon procedure (RHP) was designed. It is found that it improved the performance of decision-layer structure, and also controlled the change cost of decision-layer structure. The efficiency of RHP is confirmed by the computational experiments.