To address the contradiction between efficiency and accuracy that exists among different computational methods for high-speed aerodynamic/thermal loads, a typical TPS (thermal protection system) panel of a high-speed vehicle was focused, and aerodynamic and aerothermal surrogate models based on the Kriging method were developed, which achieved a four-orders-of-magnitude improvement in computational efficiency. Based on these surrogate models, a computational framework for the aerothermoelastic analysis of the TPS panel was established using the finite element method and a self-developed heat conduction program. The aerothermoelastic behavior of the TPS panel was then analyzed within this framework. This research will provide an important theoretical foundation for the rapid and accurate prediction of aerodynamic and thermal loads, the design of thermal protection systems, and the flight safety assessment of high-speed vehicles.