Addressing the localization of constant current elements in stratified conductive media, a localization method based on an enhanced differential evolution algorithm was proposed. This approach utilized a randomly positioned irregular sensor array within a specific region to measure target potentials. The differential evolution algorithm was refined by incorporating parameter adaptive strategies and boundary mutation handling to mitigate issues of initial value dependency and local optima, while improving noise resilience. Simulations focusing on constant current element localization in a shallow sea environment (comprising three stratified conductive layers: air, seawater, and seabed) validated the proposed method. The influence of electrode configuration, noise intensity, field source orientation, and intensity direction on localization accuracy was analyzed. Experiments conducted in a simulated shallow sea environment using a vessel model for continuous multi-point electric field localization confirmed the effectiveness of the method. The results indicated that the proposed localization method could precisely identify constant current elements in stratified conductive media, achieving convergence within 40 iterations and a positioning accuracy of less than 7%.