To reveal the law of remaining bearing capacity of cylindrical shells with multiple cutouts under axial compression load, the interactive influence mechanism of hole radius r, hole spacing d, and arrangement angle θ is studied through a combination of quasi-static tests, numerical simulations, and machine learning, and SHAP analysis is used to quantify the parameter contribution. The results show that r is the main cause of the decrease in bearing capacity (with the highest contribution), and the bearing capacity decreases significantly with the increase of r; the influence of hole spacing d is jointly regulated by θ and r. When θ≠0, increasing d can improve the bearing capacity, and the larger r is, the more significant the improvement; θ is generally positively correlated with the remaining bearing capacity, but when θ=30° and d≤4mm, shear failure is induced, leading to a non-monotonic decrease in bearing capacity. SHAP analysis shows that under axial compression load, r has the greatest influence on the remaining bearing capacity of the shell, followed by θ, while d has the smallest influence and is only obvious when θ is large, and there are significant interactions among the three.