It is the key for evaluating and prolonging the life of ammunition to acquire the temperature variation law of ammunition storage microenvironment efficiently and accurately. With the help of the neural network and the heat transfer theory, a model for predicting the microenvironment of ammunition storage was studied, and based on the model, a set of ammunition packaging box prediction software was developed to predict the temperature changes inside the box under different climatic environment. Relevant test was progressed to verify the software correctness and parameter optimization in Dunhuang and Mohe. Results show that with the help of the microenvironment prediction software of packing box developed on the basis of the neural networks algorithm, the microenvironment temperature control can be achieved by adjusting the storage location and storage initial temperature according to different packaging box materials.